Iowa State University study: increased levels of stress in adolescents results in overweight
Stress may indeed be a direct contributor to childhood obesity. That’s according to a new Iowa State University study finding that increased levels of stress in adolescents are associated with a greater likelihood of them being overweight or obese.
The study of 1,011 adolescents (aged 10-15) and their mothers from low income families living in three cities — Boston, Chicago and San Antonio — was posted on the Web site of the Journal of Adolescent Health (http://www.jahonline.org/inpress), which will publish it in the August issue. Forty-seven percent of the teens in the sample were overweight or obese, but that percentage increased to 56.2 percent among those who were impacted by four or more stressors.
”We found that an adolescent or youth who’s more stressed — caused by such things as having poor grades, mental health problems, more aggressive behavior, or doing more drugs and alcohol — is also more likely to be overweight or obese,” said lead author Brenda Lohman, an Iowa State assistant professor of human development and family studies (HDFS).
Susan Stewart, an ISU associate professor of sociology; and Steven Garasky, a professor of HDFS at Iowa State; joined Lohman on the research team. Former ISU faculty members Craig Gundersen, a member of the agricultural and consumer economics faculty at the University of Illinois; and Joey Eisenmann, a member of the kinesiology and pediatrics faculty at Michigan State University; also contributed to the study.
The study analyzes data obtained from the “Welfare, Children and Families: A Three-City Study” — a six-year longitudinal investigation. Researchers measured the height and weight of the adolescents to determine their body mass index, which was subsequently used to determine weight status based on two widely used classification systems. Adolescent food insecurity status and individual, maternal and family stressors were also determined through interviews.
The five factors used to determine the individual stressor index for the adolescents were:
* Academic problems
* Consumption of drugs and alcohol
* Depression or poor mental health levels
* Acting out or aggressive behaviors
* Lack of future orientation [...]
The study also found that a mother’s stress, [...]contributes to a child’s chances of becoming overweight or obese. [...]
While this study singles out mothers, fathers aren’t immune to their child’s weight status either.
“My own research focuses on fathers and shows that fathers, too, have an effect on children’s eating habits and obesity,” said Stewart, author of the book “Brave New Stepfamilies,” who had another study posted by the Journal of Adolescent Health last month on nonresident father involvement and adolescent eating patterns.
“In our latest study, we found that kids who are involved with nonresident dads eat better — more vegetables, less fast food,” she said. “However, similar to the Lohman study, living with a single mom was associated with worse eating habits.”
Lohman says the new research should emphasize the need for healthcare professionals to take a more holistic approach in their treatment of obese teens.
“We absolutely have to focus on their (teens) health, well-being, nutrition and exercise — and education of these things for them,” she said. “But we really need to also look holistically at their life and work towards reducing stress [...]
Original title:
Stress, obesity linked
Source and full text here:
http://www.scientistlive.com/European-Science-News/Medical/Stress,_obesity_linked/22357/
Tumorigenesis: Stress and cancer
Chronic stress has been suggested to increase tumor growth, but the mechanism has remained unclear. Anil Sood and colleagues have now shown that -adrenergic signaling mediates increased angiogenesis and tumor growth in a mouse model.
The authors used nude mice that had been inoculated with human ovarian carcinoma cells, and the mice were stressed by being immobilized for several hours a day. Stressed mice had a three-fourfold increase in the number of tumor nodules and tumor weight; they also had more metastases. These results were replicated using other tumor cell lines and another method of stressing the mice.
The stressed mice had larger adrenal glands and greater sympathetic nervous system activity than the controls, so the authors investigated whether the effect of stress on tumor growth is mediated by -adrenergic receptors. An agonist for 2-adrenergic receptor and a general -adrenergic receptor agonist increased tumor nodule number and tumor weight in a similar manner to chronic stress. Moreover, a -adrenergic antagonist could reverse these effects and the effects of chronic stress itself. By contrast, 1-adrenergic receptor agonists had no effect. [...]
These results show one way in which stress increases tumor growth [...]
Source and full text:http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v6/n9/full/nrc1986.html
Original title: Tumorigenesis: Stress and cancer
Author: Patrick Goymer
Increased cytokine production: a mechanism linking stress and abdominal obesity
Background: Evidence suggests that people who are more responsive to psychological stress are at an increased risk of developing obesity. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are poorly understood. The cytokines leptin, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play a key role in fat metabolism and abnormal circulating levels of these proteins have been reported in obese people and in individuals subject to stress.
Objective: This study investigated whether cytokine responses to acute mental stress are associated with adiposity in healthy young women.
Design and Subjects: A laboratory study of 67 women, aged 18-25 years, recruited from University College London.
Measurements: Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and body fat mass was estimated by bioelectrical impedance body composition analysis. Laboratory mental stress testing was carried out and blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at baseline, during two moderately challenging tasks (Stroop and speech) and during recovery 40-45 min post-stress. Blood samples taken at baseline, immediately post-stress and 45 min post-stress, were used for assessment of circulating cytokines. Saliva samples taken throughout the session were assessed for cortisol.
Results: Women who had larger cytokine responses to stress were more abdominally obese than women with smaller cytokine stress responses. Specifically, there was a positive correlation between waist circumference and stress-induced increases in plasma levels of leptin (r=0.35, P<0.05) and IL-1Ra responses (r=0.29, P<0.05). There was also a significant positive correlation between prolonged diastolic blood pressure responses to stress and measures of total and abdominal obesity (r=0.28-0.33, P<0.05).
Conclusion: Increased cytokine production could be a mechanism linking stress and abdominal obesity.
Source:
http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v32/n3/abs/0803767a.html
Original title of the study:
Stress-induced cytokine responses and central adiposity in young women
Authors:
L Brydon, C E Wright, K O’Donnell and A Steptoe from the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Psychobiology Group, University College London, London, UK
I Zachary from Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Department of Medicine, BHF Laboratories, The Rayne Institute, University College London, London, UK
J Wardle from the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Behaviour Unit, University College London, London, UK
Epicurean solutions for our burning problems – Prof. Hossenfelder’s views (3): how science can produce more happiness
Malte Hossenfelder sees Epicurus’s topicality also in the Epicurean approach to science. For Epicurus science was a tool to achieve happiness directly through stress-FREEDOM: the role of science was to liberate the stressFREEDOM seekers from irrational fears and at the same time to furnish knowledge directly relevant to live a happy life.
We use science to subdue and overexploit nature, to produce unnecessary products and awake a sense of greed for these products in the belief that all this process will lead us finally indirectly to happiness.
Taking the direct way would be more efficient for us and more sustainable for nature’s resources. The Epicurean approach results in a faith in nature’s laws that work independently of our wishes and desires and therefore we needn’t care or worry about them, even if some of our theories prove to be false. “How could be a man disturbed by a failure, if he’s free from ambition and fears neither death nor pains?” states Hossenfelder.
Hossenfelder doesn’t say this but any Epicurean (and many others) would agree to it: science should primarily do the following:
- develop ways for producing more food with less effort
- develop more efficient medicines with less side effects
- develop better housing solutions for more people
and communicate its accomplishments in such a way that food-, health- and housing-specialists can apply the findings.
My HappinessGuidance: “From Pain to Pleasure: The Proven Pathway to Happiness”
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- achieve harmonious relationships with friends and family
- enjoy peace, tranquility and serenity
- achieve clarity about your future
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